Understanding the Dynamics of Polymer Extrusion: Simulation of Thermoplastics Processing with Planetary Roller Extruders.

Resource efficient processing of polymers is of paramount importance to minimize energy consumption, processing time, and material losses in the polymer industry. This study is concerned with polymer processing in planetary roller extruders. A three-dimensional numerical flow simulation was tailored to understand the polymer flow through the extruder in detail. Using the simulation software ANSYS Polyflow, we quantified both directly measurable process parameters, such as pressure build-up, and more intangible parameters, such as material shear. By varying operational and material parameters in a sensitivity analysis, we showed that the dynamics, material stress and pressure build-up are controlled primarily by the number of spindles and their rotational speed. Notably, this work provides the first successful validation of a 3D simulation of a polymer flow in a planetary roller extruder against actual experimental data. The simulation showed robust agreement between the simulated and experimental values, provided that a critical backpressure length is reached. This computational approach minimizes labor-intensive experimental testing in polymer processing.

Radiological follow-up of cemento-osseous dysplasia on cone-beam computed tomography.

This study investigated the natural course of cemento-osseous dysplasia (COD) on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Retrospectively, 104 CBCT scans from 36 patients (mean age, 44.5 years; 33 female and three male) with mandibular COD (10 florid, seven focal, 19 periapical) were included, based upon clinico-radiological features, without complications such as infection and related surgery. Changes in maximum diameter and morphology (lytic, mixed lytic-sclerotic, sclerotic) were evaluated in 83 lesions, with a mean follow-up of 28.3 months. The occurrence of a diameter increase was assessed by time-to-event analysis; interreader agreement for diameter and morphological evaluation by intraclass correlation coefficient and weighted κ statistics, respectively. Fifteen of 83 (18.1%) lesions (eight florid, one focal, six periapical) in 10 patients increased in diameter; 12 of 83 (14.5%) lesions (five florid, seven periapical) in 11 patients changed morphologically. The median period until a diameter increase was longest (120 months) for periapical COD, and shortest (66 months) for florid COD (p = 0.023). There was high reader agreement (ICC = 0.891; weighted κ = 0.901). In conclusion, CBCT is an effective tool with which to follow-up COD. If any, the natural progress in uncomplicated COD is prolonged, which underlines its non-surgical character and aids in its long-term management.

Current Spectrum and Outcomes of Infarct-Related Cardiogenic Shock: Insights from the CULPRIT-SHOCK Registry and RCT.

BACKGROUND: We analysed consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS) who were enrolled into the CULPRIT-SHOCK randomized controlled trial (RCT) and those with exclusion criteria who were included into the accompanying registry. METHODS: In total, 1,075 patients with infarct-related CS were screened for CULPRIT-SHOCK in 83 specialised centres in Europe; 369 of them had exclusion criteria for the RCT and were enrolled into the registry. Patients were followed over 1-year. RESULTS: Mean age was 68 years and 260 (25 %) were women. 13.5 %, 30.9 %, and 55.6 % had 1-vessel, 2-vessel, and 3-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD), respectively. Significant left main (LM) coronary artery stenosis was present in 8.0 %. 54.2 % of the patients had cardiac arrest before admission. TIMI 3 patency of the infarct vessel after PCI was achieved in 83.6 % of all patients. Mechanical circulatory support was applied in one third of patients. Total mortality after 30 days and one year was 47.6 % and 52.9 %. Mortality after one year was highest in patients with LM coronary artery stenosis (63.5 %), followed by 3-vessel- (56.6 %), 2-vessel- (49.8 %), and 1-vessel-CAD (38.6 %), respectively. Mechanical complications were rare (21/1008; 2.1 %) but associated with a high mortality of 66.7 % after 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: In specialised centres in Europe short- and long-term mortality of patients with infarct-related CS treated with an invasive strategy is still high and mainly depending on the extent of coronary artery disease. Therefore, there is still need for improvement of care to improve prognosis of infarct-related CS.

LAA occlusion is effective and safe in very high-risk atrial fibrillation patients with prior stroke: results from the multicentre German LAARGE registry.

BACKGROUND: Interventional left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) mitigates the risk of thromboembolic events in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with contraindication for long-term oral anticoagulation (OAC). Patients with prior stroke have a relevantly increased risk of recurrent stroke, so the effectiveness of LAAO could be reduced in this specific very high-risk patient group. AIM: This sub-study of the LAARGE registry investigates the effectiveness and safety of LAAO for secondary prevention in nonvalvular AF patients with a history of stroke. METHODS: LAARGE is a prospective, non-randomised registry on the clinical reality of LAAO. The current sub-study employs data from index procedure and 1-year follow-up. Effectiveness and safety were assessed by documentation of all-cause mortality, non-fatal thromboembolism, procedure-related complications, and bleeding events. RESULTS: A total of 638 patients were consecutively included from 38 hospitals in Germany and divided into two groups: 137 patients with a history of stroke (21.5%) and 501 patients without. Successful implantation was consistent between both groups (98.5% vs. 97.4%, p = NS), while peri-procedural MACCE and other complications were rare (0% vs. 0.6% and 4.4% vs. 4.0%, respectively; each p = NS). Kaplan-Meier estimate showed no significant difference in primary effectiveness outcome measure (freedom from all-cause death or non-fatal stroke) between both groups at follow-up (87.8% vs. 87.7%, p = NS). The incidence of transient ischemic attack or systemic embolism at follow-up was low (0% vs. 0.5% and 0.9% vs. 0%, respectively; each p = NS). Severe bleeding events after hospital discharge were rare (0% vs. 0.7%, p = NS). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with prior stroke demonstrated similar effectiveness and safety profile for LAAO as compared to patients without prior stroke. LAAO could serve as a feasible alternative to OAC for secondary stroke prevention in this selected group of nonvalvular AF patients. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02230748.

Thyroid Hormone Metabolites Quantified in Pup and Adult Rat Cerebellum, Cortex and Whole-Brain Samples Using an Automated Online SPE-LC-MS/MS Method.

Changes in thyroid hormone (TH) levels in rat brain at early developmental stages are correlated with adverse effects on offspring development. To characterize the ability of substances to interfere with the TH concentrations in, e.g., rat brain, it is essential to know the mean TH concentrations in this tissue under control conditions. In this publication, an online solid-phase extraction (SPE) liquid chromatography (LC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method was validated and used to measure TH metabolites (T4, T3, rT3, T2 and T1) in the brains of untreated rats. Data on TH concentrations in the whole brain and separate data from the cerebellum and the cortex are shown. The corresponding samples were gathered from young rats at postnatal days (PND) 4 and 21/22 and from adult rats. The results show inter alia the high accuracy and precision of the method, and LOQs of 0.02 ng/mL were determined for T1, T2 and rT3 and of 0.15 ng/mL for T3 and T4. Technical variability is low, as shown by the relative standard deviations of 7.5-20%. For our rat model, we found that T4, T3 and T2 concentrations rise from PND4 to PND21, whereas the rT3 concentration decreases; as well as there is no statistical difference between TH concentrations in the male and female rat brain. This method is suitable to analyze TH metabolites in the brain and build up a database of historical TH concentrations in control rats. Together, this yields a robust diagnostic tool to detect potentially adverse disturbances of TH homeostasis in the most vulnerable anatomic structure.

Is spontaneous echo contrast associated with device-related thrombus or embolic events after left atrial appendage occlusion? - Insights from the multicenter German LAARGE registry.

BACKGROUND: Interventional left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) provides an alternative to oral anticoagulation (OAC) for prophylaxis of thromboembolic events (TEs) in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, predominantly in those with high bleeding risk and contraindications for long-term OAC. Although spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) is a well-known risk factor for atrial thrombus formation, little is known about whether this means an increased risk of device-related thrombus (DRT) or TEs following LAAO. METHODS: This substudy of the prospective, multicenter German LAARGE registry assessed two groups according to absence (SEC -) or presence of SEC (SEC +) in preprocedural cardiac imaging. Clinical and echocardiographic parameters were registered up to 1 year after LAAO. RESULTS: Five hundred eighty-eight patients (SEC - 85.5 vs. SEC + 14.5%) were included. More SEC + patients were implanted for OAC non-compliance (11.8 vs. 4.6%, p = 0.008) and a higher proportion received only antiplatelet therapy without OAC at hospital discharge (96.5 vs. 86.0%, p = 0.007). The SEC + patients had larger LA diameters (50 (47; 54) vs. 47 (43; 51) mm, p < 0.001), wider LAA ostia (21 (19; 23) vs. 20 (17; 22) mm at 45°, p = 0.011), and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (50 (45; 60) vs. 60 (50; 60) %, p < 0.001) on admission. Procedural success was very high in both groups (98.1%, p = 1.00). Periprocedural major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events and other major complications were rare in both groups (3.8 vs. 4.7%, p = 0.76). At follow-up, DRT was only detected in the SEC - group (3.8 vs. 0%, p = 1.00). The rates of TEs (SEC - 1.2 vs. SEC + 0%, p = 1.00) after hospital discharge and 1-year mortality (SEC - 12.0 vs. SEC + 11.8%, p = 0.96) were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of SEC at baseline was not associated with an increased rate of DRT or TEs at 1-year follow-up after LAAO in LAARGE.

Critical assessment of the endocrine potential of Linalool and Linalyl acetate: proactive testing strategy assessing estrogenic and androgenic activity of Lavender oil main components.

The acyclic linear monoterpenes Linalool (Lin) and Linalyl acetate (LinAc) occur in nature as major constituents of various essential oils such as lavender oils. A potential endocrine activity of these compounds was discussed in literature including premature thelarche and prepubertal gynecomastia due to lavender product use. This study aims to follow-up on these critical findings reported by testing Lin and LinAc in several studies in line with current guidance and regulatory framework. No relevant anti-/ER and AR-mediated activity was observed in recombinant yeast cell-based screening tests and guideline reporter gene in vitro assays in mammalian cells. Findings in the screening test suggested an anti-androgenic activity, which could not be confirmed in the respective mammalian cell guideline assay. Mechanistic guideline in vivo studies (Uterotrophic and Hershberger assays) with Lin did not show significant dose related changes in estrogen or androgen sensitive organ weights and a guideline reproductive toxicity screening study did not reveal evident effects on sex steroid hormone sensitive organ weights, associated histopathological findings and altered sperm parameters. Estrous cycling and mating/fertility indices were not affected and no evident Lin-related steroid hormone dependent effects were found in the offspring. Overall, the initial concerns from literature were not confirmed. Findings in the yeast screening test were aberrant from follow-up guideline in vitro and in vivo studies, which underlines the need to apply careful interpretation of single in vitro test results to support a respective line of evidence and to establish a biologically plausible link to an adverse outcome.

Generalized anxiety is a predictor of impaired quality of life in patients with atrial fibrillation: Findings from the prospective observational ARENA study.

OBJECTIVE: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL), an increased risk of morbidity, and mortality. Traditional AF-related outcomes (e.g., AF recurrence) primarily demonstrate the physiological benefits of AF management but do not focus on the benefits experienced subjectively by the patient (i.e., patient-reported outcomes), which have been suggested as optimal endpoints in AF intervention studies. The aim of this study is to identify medical and psychological factors associated with impaired HRQoL at 1-year follow-up. METHODS: Using data from the prospective observational multicenter ARENA study in patients with AF, we analyzed associations between medical factors, anxiety, and HRQoL at 1-year follow-up assessed using 5-level EuroQoL-5D. RESULTS: In 1353 AF patients (mean age 71.4 ± 10.3 years, 33.8% female), none of the medical predictors (e.g., heart disease) or history of cardioversion were associated with HRQoL at the 1-year follow-up. Higher generalized anxiety (ß = -0.114, p < .001) but not cardiac anxiety (ß = -0.006, p = .809) at baseline predicted decreased HRQoL, independent of confounding variables and patients' medical status. Furthermore, the worsening of patients' generalized anxiety was associated with decreased HRQoL (ß = -0.091, p < .001). In contrast, the improvement of generalized anxiety over time predicted higher HRQoL (ß = 0.097, p < .001). Finally, the worsening of patients' cardiac anxiety over time was associated with decreased HRQoL (ß = -0.081, p < .001). CONCLUSION: Our results highlight the importance of anxiety as a predictor of future HRQoL in patients with AF. Additional studies to examine the impact of anxiety treatment on HRQoL in this population are needed. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The investigators registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02978248) on November 30, 2016 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02978248.

OECD indicator 'AMI 30-day mortality' is neither comparable between countries nor suitable as indicator for quality of acute care.

BACKGROUND: Hospital mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI, ICD-10: I21-I22) is used as OECD indicator of the quality of acute care. The reported AMI hospital mortality in Germany is more than twice as high as in the Netherlands or Scandinavia. Yet, in Europe, Germany ranks high in health spending and availability of cardiac procedures. We provide insights into this contradictory situation. METHODS: Information was collected on possible factors causing the reported differences in AMI mortality such as prevalence of risk factors or comorbidities, guideline conform treatment, patient registration, and health system structures of European countries. International experts were interviewed. Data on OECD indicators 'AMI 30-day mortality using unlinked data' and 'average length of stay after AMI' were used to describe the association between these variables graphically and by linear regression. RESULTS: Differences in prevalence of risk factors or comorbidities or in guideline conform acute care account only to a smaller extent for the reported differences in AMI hospital mortality. It is influenced mainly by patient registration rules and organization of health care. Non-reporting of day cases as patients and centralization of AMI care-with more frequent inter-hospital patient transfers-artificially lead to lower calculated hospital mortality. Frequency of patient transfers and national reimbursement policies affect the average length of stay in hospital which is strongly associated with AMI hospital mortality (adj R2 = 0.56). AMI mortality reported from registries is distorted by different underlying populations. CONCLUSION: Most of the variation in AMI hospital mortality is explained by differences in patient registration and organization of care instead of differences in quality of care, which hinders cross-country comparisons of AMI mortality. Europe-wide sentinel regions with comparable registries are necessary to compare (acute) care after myocardial infarction.

Extracorporeal Life Support in Infarct-Related Cardiogenic Shock.

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is increasingly used in the treatment of infarct-related cardiogenic shock despite a lack of evidence regarding its effect on mortality. METHODS: In this multicenter trial, patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock for whom early revascularization was planned were randomly assigned to receive early ECLS plus usual medical treatment (ECLS group) or usual medical treatment alone (control group). The primary outcome was death from any cause at 30 days. Safety outcomes included bleeding, stroke, and peripheral vascular complications warranting interventional or surgical therapy. RESULTS: A total of 420 patients underwent randomization, and 417 patients were included in final analyses. At 30 days, death from any cause had occurred in 100 of 209 patients (47.8%) in the ECLS group and in 102 of 208 patients (49.0%) in the control group (relative risk, 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.19; P = 0.81). The median duration of mechanical ventilation was 7 days (interquartile range, 4 to 12) in the ECLS group and 5 days (interquartile range, 3 to 9) in the control group (median difference, 1 day; 95% CI, 0 to 2). The safety outcome consisting of moderate or severe bleeding occurred in 23.4% of the patients in the ECLS group and in 9.6% of those in the control group (relative risk, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.50 to 3.95); peripheral vascular complications warranting intervention occurred in 11.0% and 3.8%, respectively (relative risk, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.31 to 6.25). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock with planned early revascularization, the risk of death from any cause at the 30-day follow-up was not lower among the patients who received ECLS therapy than among those who received medical therapy alone. (Funded by the Else Kröner Fresenius Foundation and others; ECLS-SHOCK ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03637205.).

Timing of Complete Revascularization with Multivessel PCI for Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: In patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with multivessel coronary artery disease, the time at which complete revascularization of nonculprit lesions should be performed remains unknown. METHODS: We performed an international, open-label, randomized, noninferiority trial at 37 sites in Europe. Patients in a hemodynamically stable condition who had STEMI and multivessel coronary artery disease were randomly assigned to undergo immediate multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI; immediate group) or PCI of the culprit lesion followed by staged multivessel PCI of nonculprit lesions within 19 to 45 days after the index procedure (staged group). The primary end point was a composite of death from any cause, nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, unplanned ischemia-driven revascularization, or hospitalization for heart failure at 1 year after randomization. The percentages of patients with a primary or secondary end-point event are provided as Kaplan-Meier estimates at 6 months and at 1 year. RESULTS: We assigned 418 patients to undergo immediate multivessel PCI and 422 to undergo staged multivessel PCI. A primary end-point event occurred in 35 patients (8.5%) in the immediate group as compared with 68 patients (16.3%) in the staged group (risk ratio, 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.38 to 0.72; P<0.001 for noninferiority and P<0.001 for superiority). Nonfatal myocardial infarction and unplanned ischemia-driven revascularization occurred in 8 patients (2.0%) and 17 patients (4.1%), respectively, in the immediate group and in 22 patients (5.3%) and 39 patients (9.3%), respectively, in the staged group. The risk of death from any cause, the risk of stroke, and the risk of hospitalization for heart failure appeared to be similar in the two groups. A total of 104 patients in the immediate group and 145 patients in the staged group had a serious adverse event. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients in hemodynamically stable condition with STEMI and multivessel coronary artery disease, immediate multivessel PCI was noninferior to staged multivessel PCI with respect to the risk of death from any cause, nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, unplanned ischemia-driven revascularization, or hospitalization for heart failure at 1 year. (Supported by Boston Scientific; MULTISTARS AMI ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03135275.).

Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with infarct-related cardiogenic shock: an individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised trials.

BACKGROUND: Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is increasingly used in patients with cardiogenic shock despite the lack of evidence from adequately powered randomised clinical trials. Three trials reported so far were underpowered to detect a survival benefit; we therefore conducted an individual patient-based meta-analysis to assess the effect of VA-ECMO on 30-day death rate. METHODS: Randomised clinical trials comparing early routine use of VA-ECMO versus optimal medical therapy alone in patients presenting with infarct-related cardiogenic shock were identified by searching MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, and trial registries until June 12, 2023. Trials were included if at least all-cause death rate 30 days after in-hospital randomisation was reported and trial investigators agreed to collaborate (ie, providing individual patient data). Odds ratios (ORs) as primary outcome measure were pooled using logistic regression models. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023431258). FINDINGS: Four trials (n=567 patients; 284 VA-ECMO, 283 control) were identified and included. Overall, there was no significant reduction of 30-day death rate with the early use of VA-ECMO (OR 0·93; 95% CI 0·66-1·29). Complication rates were higher with VA-ECMO for major bleeding (OR 2·44; 95% CI 1·55-3·84) and peripheral ischaemic vascular complications (OR 3·53; 95% CI 1·70-7·34). Prespecified subgroup analyses were consistent and did not show any benefit for VA-ECMO (pinteraction ≥0·079). INTERPRETATION: VA-ECMO did not reduce 30-day death rate compared with medical therapy alone in patients with infarct-related cardiogenic shock, and an increase in major bleeding and vascular complications was observed. A careful review of the indication for VA-ECMO in this setting is warranted. FUNDING: Foundation Institut für Herzinfarktforschung.

Investigations on learning and memory function in extended one-generation reproductive toxicity studies - when considered needed and based on what?

To justify investigations on learning and memory (L&M) function in extended one-generation reproductive toxicity studies (EOGRTS; Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guideline (TG) 443) for registration under Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemical (REACH), the European Chemicals Agency has referred to three publications based on which the Agency concluded that "perturbation of thyroid hormone signaling in offspring affects spatial cognitive abilities (learning and memory)" and "Therefore, it is necessary to conduct spatial learning and memory tests for F1 animals". In this paper, the inclusion of the requested L&M tests in an EOGRTS is challenged. In addition, next to the question on the validity of rodent models in general for testing thyroid hormone-dependent perturbations in brain development, the reliability of the publications specifically relied upon by the agency is questioned as these contain numerous fundamental errors in study methodology, design, and data reporting, provide contradicting results, lack crucial information to validate the results and exclude confounding factors, and finally show no causal relationship. Therefore, in our opinion, these publications cannot be used to substantiate, support, or conclude that decreases in blood thyroid (T4) hormone level on their own would result in impaired L&M in rats and are thus not adequate to use as fundament to ask for L&M testing as part of an EOGRTS.

A survey on oral health-related standard of care for head and neck cancer patients in the EU.

OBJECTIVE: To map oral health-related standard of care in the context of head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment across the European Union (EU). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six hundred and ninety centers across the European Union were contacted. The questionnaire contained questions focusing on the team/department structure, HNC treatment planning routines, and assessment and handling of dental treatment needs prior to cancer treatment. RESULTS: Eighty-seven centers across the EU responded. Department structure and number of HNC patients treated per year varied widely and dental professionals are included as part of the team in about 25% of the centers. Standard of care, in terms of dental assessment and preventive dentistry routines, such as recording an orthopantomogram, offering dental treatment, and providing a radiation protection splint and splint for fluoride application, differed significantly among the European regions. Independent of the region, these aspects are positively affected if dental professionals are part of the interdisciplinary treatment team and if dental treatment is offered within the center. CONCLUSION: Dental professionals are still only to a very limited extent included in interdisciplinary treatment planning teams of HNC patients. However, their inclusion and/or offering dental treatment within the same hospital/center appears to improve oral health-related standard of care. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Inclusion of dental professionals in treatment planning teams of HNC patients appears to improve oral health-related standard of care within HNC treatment.

Management of the COVID-19 pandemic in Rhineland-Palatinate hospitals of all levels of care : Results of the COVID-19 Registry RLP.

The COVID-19 pandemic placed a significant burden on the German healthcare system. Based on the experience of severe disease progression of the SARS-CoV­2 infection from neighboring European countries in the early 2020s, with ICU overload and high mortality rates, efforts were made in Germany to increase the capacity of available ICU beds. Subsequently, all documentation and reporting focused on the ICU capacities for COVID-19 patients. It was hypothesized that mainly a few large hospitals provided care for the majority of COVID-19 patients. The COVID-19 Registry RLP of Rhineland-Palatinate documented SARS-CoV­2 inpatients from daily mandatory queries of all hospitals throughout the pandemic from April 2020 to March 2023, distinguishing between patients in ICUs and normal wards. In its 18th Corona Ordinance, the state government required all hospitals to participate in the care of SARS-CoV­2 inpatients. We investigated the participation of hospitals at different levels of care in Rhineland-Palatinate in the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nine pandemic waves were documented during the pandemic and exemplary data on the respective pandemic peaks were evaluated. A distinction was made between the burden on hospitals at different levels of care: primary care hospitals, standard care hospitals, specialty hospitals, and maximal care hospitals. Analysis of the data showed that all hospital types participated equally in the care of SARS-CoV-2 patients. The requirement of the Ministry of Health of Rhineland-Palatinate to provide at least 20% of the available capacity was met by all levels of care and there were no disparities between hospitals of different levels of care in the management of the pandemic.Hospitals at all levels of care participated equally in the care of SARS-CoV­2 inpatients and thus contributed significantly to the management of the pandemic in Rhineland-Palatinate.

Learnable latent embeddings for joint behavioural and neural analysis.

Mapping behavioural actions to neural activity is a fundamental goal of neuroscience. As our ability to record large neural and behavioural data increases, there is growing interest in modelling neural dynamics during adaptive behaviours to probe neural representations1-3. In particular, although neural latent embeddings can reveal underlying correlates of behaviour, we lack nonlinear techniques that can explicitly and flexibly leverage joint behaviour and neural data to uncover neural dynamics3-5. Here, we fill this gap with a new encoding method, CEBRA, that jointly uses behavioural and neural data in a (supervised) hypothesis- or (self-supervised) discovery-driven manner to produce both consistent and high-performance latent spaces. We show that consistency can be used as a metric for uncovering meaningful differences, and the inferred latents can be used for decoding. We validate its accuracy and demonstrate our tool's utility for both calcium and electrophysiology datasets, across sensory and motor tasks and in simple or complex behaviours across species. It allows leverage of single- and multi-session datasets for hypothesis testing or can be used label free. Lastly, we show that CEBRA can be used for the mapping of space, uncovering complex kinematic features, for the production of consistent latent spaces across two-photon and Neuropixels data, and can provide rapid, high-accuracy decoding of natural videos from visual cortex.

Influence of Culprit Lesion Intervention on Outcomes in Infarct-Related Cardiogenic Shock With Cardiac Arrest.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac arrest (CA) is common in patients with infarct-related cardiogenic shock (CS). OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to identify the characteristics and outcomes of culprit lesion percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of patients with infarct-related CS stratified according to CA in the CULPRIT-SHOCK (Culprit Lesion Only PCI Versus Multivessel PCI in Cardiogenic Shock) randomized trial and registry. METHODS: Patients with CS with and without CA from the CULPRIT-SHOCK study were analyzed. All-cause death or severe renal failure leading to renal replacement therapy within 30 days and 1-year death were assessed. RESULTS: Among 1,015 patients, 550 (54.2%) had CA. Patients with CA were younger, more frequently male, had lower rates of peripheral artery disease, a glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min, and left main disease, and they presented more often with clinical signs of impaired organ perfusion. The composite of all-cause death or severe renal failure within 30 days occurred in 51.2% of patients with CA vs 48.5% in non-CA patients (P = 0.39) and 1-year death in 53.8% vs 50.4% (P = 0.29), respectively. In a multivariate analysis, CA was an independent predictor of 1-year mortality (HR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.01-1.59). In the randomized trial, culprit lesion-only PCI was superior to immediate multivessel PCI in patients both with and without CA (P for interaction = 0.6). CONCLUSIONS: More than 50% of patients with infarct-related CS had CA. These patients with CA were younger and had fewer comorbidities, but CA was an independent predictor of 1-year mortality. Culprit lesion-only PCI is the preferred strategy, both in patients with and without CA. (Culprit Lesion Only PCI Versus Multivessel PCI in Cardiogenic Shock [CULPRIT-SHOCK]; NCT01927549).

Intraprocedural Residual Mitral Regurgitation and Survival After Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair: Prospective German Multicenter Registry (MITRA-PRO).

BACKGROUND: Residual mitral regurgitation (MR) is thought to be an important predictor of long-term survival following transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER). Intraprocedural MR assessment using transesophageal echocardiography could be limited by image quality, hemodynamics, and patient sedation. The MitraScore is a validated multimodal approach for intraprocedural MR assessment during TEER. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the impact of residual MR using the MitraScore on 1-year mortality. METHODS: Patients undergoing mitral TEER were eligible for inclusion in the prospective, multicenter MITRA-PRO registry (A Prospective Registry Study on 1-Year Mortality and the Prognostic Significance of MitraScore After MitraClip Implantation in Patients With Mitral Regurgitation). Patients with a MitraScore ≤3 were defined as patients with mild residual MR after mitral TEER, whereas a MitraScore ≥4 was considered as relevant residual MR. Mortality, rehospitalization, and major adverse events were assessed 1 year after TEER. RESULTS: A MitraScore ≤3 was found in 1,059 patients (71.0%), whereas 432 patients revealed a MitraScore ≥4 (29.0%). One-year mortality was significantly lower in patients with nonrelevant residual MR (MitraScore ≤3 14.6% vs MitraScore≥4 22.1%). An almost linear relationship between intraprocedural MitraScore after TEER and mortality was observed. The combined clinical endpoint of mortality and rehospitalization within the 1-year follow-up was also significantly lower in the MitraScore ≤3 group (31.5%) than in the MitraScore ≥4 group (40.8%). A subgroup analysis confirmed the predictive value of the MitraScore in patients with primary, secondary, or mixed MR etiologies. CONCLUSIONS: Residual MR assessed by intraprocedural MitraScore after TEER predicts 1-year mortality and rehospitalization. Therefore, the multimodal MitraScore improves MR assessment during mitral TEER and might improve patient survival.(A Prospective Registry Study on 1-Year Mortality and the Prognostic Significance of MitraScore After MitraClip Implantation in Patients With Mitral Regurgitation [MITRA-PRO]; DRKS00012288).